Later, the aggregation of people into urban centers led to the emergence of “crowd” diseases like measles and smallpox, which could persist only after human populations reached a critical size. New zoonotic infections emerged when humans shifted from a hunting-and-gathering mode of subsistence to a more settled, agriculture-based lifestyle that included close contact with domesticated animals. Humans have undergone a series of epidemiological transitions that have changed the composition and richness of their parasites. Phylogenetic comparative analysis, disease, host-pathogen interactions, parasite diversity, species richness, human uniqueness INTRODUCTION
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